Hrm: Job Involvement & Its Dimensions

JOB INVOLVEMENT Job involvement can be defined as â€Å"psychological identification with one's work† as well as â€Å"the degree to which the job situation is central to the employee and his or her identity†. As employees with a high degree of job involvement are more likely to regard work as the center of their self-concepts (Frone & Russell, 1995), they are also more likely to increase their self-respect through successful job performance (Burke, 1991) and display of organizational beneficial behaviors (Diefendorff, Brown, Kamin, & Lord, 2002). Brown (1996) opined that employees with high job involvement would have greater psychological identification with their work, which in turn would increase job satisfaction. Mowday, Porter, and Steers (1982) also pointed out that employees' psychological needs are gradually satisfied as the employees become involved with their jobs and that this satisfaction establishes a sense of organizational commitment. Researchers have revealed that employees with a high degree of job satisfaction or organizational commitment display a higher degree of Organizational Commitment Behavior (OCB) (Podsakoff et al. 2000). These studies suggest that job involvement has a positive influence on OCB. Task variety might mitigate employees' involvement in their jobs, which in turn would have a negative effect on their display of OCB. Factors affecting job involvement: 1. Job involvement and empowerment: Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action and con trol work and decision making in autonomous ways. Empowering the employees means providing them with higher level tasks, responsibility and decision making in the performance of their job. According to Wilkinson et al. (1998) and Karia and Asaari (2006), empowerment is a dominant HRM/TQM practice; there was a strong association with job involvement. 2. Job involvement and teamwork Teamwork is defined as a joint action by a group of people, in which each person subordinates his or her individual interests and opinions to the unity and efficiency of the group. Over the years, HRM/TQM policies have come to recognize and emphasize the importance of teamwork to facilitate employees' ability to work together to get a job done (Morrow, 1997; Karia & Ahmad, 2000). A study by Osland (1997) found that working together with a production unit leads to better employee attitudes. 3. Job involvement and Communication Communication is an important factor in organizations, for connecting employees and permitting organizations to function, as well as an essential element to the implementation of HRM/TQM (Gray & Laidlaw, 2002). When communication is open and continuous in three directions, (up, down and across) work processes and performance increases. This in turn increases employees' job involvement. 4. Job involvement and employee participation A study conducted by Karia and Ahmad (2000) found that employee participation, predicts significantly towards job involvement. In some other surveys though, results indicate that lack of participation would not be able to improve employees' personal abilities and capabilities, help them change certain aspects of personal traits and increase their self-respect. 5. Job involvement and leadership There is a weak relationship between leadership and employees' job involvement. The lack of top management commitment from any particular group within these organizations can be a serious barrier in the management of quality and it is one of the reasons for the failure of HRM/TQM efforts on job involvement amongst employees (Wilkinson et al. 1998). A study by De Hoogh et al. (2005), which found that leadership has a positive influence on employee outcomes. 6. Job involvement and Training and Development It is important that management understand these activities tend to require long-term commitment, as results are not immediately realized. Therefore, the training department must provide continuous training and development in ensuring the success of HRM/TQM practices in contributing improvement in job involvement. The findings of Karia and Ahmad (2000) regarding training and development, states that employees' can generate innovative ideas for solving problems; and it helps employees' in their personal involvement. Impact of Job Involvement Cohen's (1999) research supported the important status of job involvement as an antecedent to organizational commitment. Specifically, Cohen argued that those individuals with high levels of job involvement, which stem from positive experiences on-the-job (Kanungo, 1979; Witt, 1993), make attributions for these experiences to the organization. Thus, having previously received benefits from the organization and being obligated by the norm of reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960) to repay them, high job involvement employees feel compelled to reciprocate in some form. Cohen (1999, p. 292) asserted that â€Å"to the extent that positive experiences are attributed to the efforts of organizational officials, these are reciprocated with increased affective organizational commitment to the persons who caused them†. This increased affective commitment (i. e. where employees adopt the company's goals as their own and, therefore, desire to remain with the organization to help it achieve its goals (Meyer & Allen, 1984; Mowday et al. 1979) later is found to reduce turnover intentions, absence behaviour, and/or turnover (Cohen, 2000; Hackett et al. 2001), as well as increase job performance (Carmeli and Freund, 2001). Given the fact that job involvement is thought to be an important determinant of effort and motivation, and other job attitudes have been shown to positively relate to OCBs (Van Scotter, 2000), it is anticipated that those high in job involvement will engage in more OCBs. Theory suggests that these gender differences may be more evident for OCB-Is (i. . , behaviors directed toward others, such as helping), than for the less communal OCB-Os (i. e. , behaviors directed toward the organization). Regardless of a person's sex, it may be expected that an individual high in job involvement will feel compelled to engage in OCB-Os, such as staying late, attending non-mandatory meetings, and not taking extra breaks. Alternatively, OCB-Is may be exhibited at different levels for highly involved women and highly involved men. Specifically, women who are deeply involved in their work may feel more obliged to help others than equally involved men, because women may internalize the belief that they should act communally and help others. Thus, highly involved women may engage in more OCB-Is (operationalized as altruism, courtesy, and possibly sportsmanship) than highly involved men, suggesting that sex will moderate the relationship between job involvement and OCB-Is. In terms of the specific OCB dimensions, the Civic Virtue dimension is most closely related to job involvement. Conceptually this finding makes sense given that Civic Virtue is defined as the level of involvement a person has in the political life of the organization. The fact that both the OCB-O dimensions (Conscientiousness and Civic Virtue) and in-role performance were predicted by job involvement regardless of sex, lends credence to the idea that exhibiting behaviors such as staying late, attending meetings, and completing task duties are performed at the same level for involved men and women. These dimensions represent behaviors that can be thought of as facilitating task performance and enhancing the environment surrounding one's focal tasks. Job Satisfaction and job involvement Job involvement (Employee engagement, or Work engagement), is a concept that is generally viewed as managing discretionary effort, that is, when employees have choices, they will act in a way that furthers their organization's interests. An engaged employee is a person who is fully involved in, and enthusiastic about, his or her work. Several Studies have shown that there exists a direct relationship between Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction. Past research on voluntary turnover has produced very extensive and sophisticated models; however, a recent and more parsimonious model of turnover utilizes only two employee work attitudes to predict turnover propensity. These two attitudes are job involvement and organizational commitment. The premise discussed here is that job involvement and organizational commitment interact jointly to affect turnover. For example, the job employees do helps them meet their intrinsic needs, such as satisfactorily performing a challenging job, which, in turn, increases their sense of competence. This leads to increasing employees' job involvement attitude. Likewise, the organization helps employees meet their social and other extrinsic reward needs, such as pay, fringe benefits and promotions. This leads to increasing employees' organizational commitment attitude.

Male and Segmentation Base Essay

Introduction: In this assignment I am going to describe the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service and explain how and why these groups are targeted. 1.Product: IPhone 5 Segmentation base: Demographic, Psychographic/ Age, Social class, Target market: Teenagers and Adults Customer profile: Aged mainly between 18+, aimed at both male and female, medium/ high class How/ Why targeted * Product: IPhone 5, mainly used for calling/texting or communicating with others, also used for pictures, music and downloading apps. * Place: T-Mobile, Carphone warehouse, Phones4u, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, more people can then find out about it and it will get more popular which means that more people will be buying is. * Price: The price of IPhone 5 is from  £499 –  £529 2.Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles Segmentation base: Benefit segmentation / needs, safety, esteem Target market: Children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 2-6 years old, aimed at both male and female, How/ Why targeted * Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles is only used by children aged 4 to 6 as it is not a strong as adult’s toothpaste and it has a mild flavour. * Place: Boots, Superdrug’s, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Adults/ mothers might consider in buying it if they have young children. * Price: The price of Colgate Toothpaste smiles is  £1.32 3.Product: Gucci by flora perfume Segmentation base: Demographical, psychological/ age group, gender, enjoys shopping Target market: Females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 16+, aimed at females. How/ Why  targeted * Product: Flora by Gucci perfume is only used by females as the smell is not as strong as males perfumes. * Place: Superdrug’s, Boots, Pharmacies. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Females will be interested in buying the perfume as the brand is very popular. * Price: The price of the perfume can be between  £40 to  £72 4 .Product: Ford Segmentation base: Psychological, Demographical / lifestyle, enjoys shopping, age group, family size, Target market: young adults/ adults Customer profile: Aged aimed at 16 and over, aimed at both males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Ford cars are used by young adults and adults 16+ as it is illegal for anyone younger that this to be driving a car. * Place: The cars can be bought from their website, Auto trader * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people that are interested in buying a new car, can then go and visit one of their stores and buy a car. * Price: There are different prices for every car it can start from  £8,000 –  £20,000 and over. 5.Product: Disney Princess puzzles Segmentation base: Demographic, psychological / activities, interest, hobbies, age group, gender. Target market: female children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 4 – 5 Years old, aimed at females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Disney Princess puzzles is only used by female children aged 4 to 5. * Place: Argos and WHSmith * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, parents and guardians might be interested in buying something for entertainment for their child or for a present. * Price: The price of the puzzles can be different depending on the size, but it will be around  £5 to  £10. Business-to-business market Costco to Corner shops 6.Product: Coca Cola Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 10+, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Coca-Cola * Place: Corner shops could buy stacks of Coca-Cola from Costco as it is cheaper to buy it from there. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people are more likely to go to Costco and buy it from there as it will be more cost efficient. * Price: 1 bottle of Coca Cola is  £1.99 at Corner shops, whereas if they go to Costco they will spend less as there will be 8 bottles of 1/2 litre for only  £6.25 Wilkinsfoods to Tesco 7.Product: Eggs Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: any ages, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Eggs * Place: Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through their website, leaflets and radio. By promoting this product, people will find out about this farm, and Tesco might consider in buying their eggs as they cheap. * Price: It depends on how many eggs the organisation wants; Small, medium, large and very large and come as standard packed into keyes trays (15 dozen outers or 30 dozen outers). Conclusion: In this assignment I have described the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service of Tesco’s and Car manufacturer and have explained how and why these groups are targeted.

Identities and globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identities and globalization - Essay Example elop a global identity that gives them a sense of belonging to a worldwide culture and includes an awareness of the events, practices, styles, and information that are part of the global culture† (Arnett, 2002, p. 777). In this quote, the author states that most people in the world, especially young people are the ones who are facing the challenge where they have to adopt both the global and local identity. This challenge sometimes can lead to a â€Å"hybrid identity† which is described as a mixture of both the local and global culture (Arnett, 2002, p. 778). However, the author does not provide an explanation and examples of the psychological impact of this bicultural identity in young peoples daily lives. Even though he covered this aspect, on the identity confusion section about how people can feel excluded from a society or alienated, he did not provide us with a strong example about the psychological impact of the bicultural identity. By mentioning the psychological impact of the bicultural identity in his essay, it will make readers engage and care more about this topic. One of the prominent issues described by the author in the article is on bicultural identities. The form of identity is noted as affecting young people from different parts of the world especially those from non-western countries. The author notes that in this new form of identity, people have a part of their identity rooted in their local culture while the other part is influenced by global culture (Arnett, 2002). The argument on this identity is based on increased global consciousness that is taking place in many children and adolescents. First, the author notes that children have started growing developing conscious based on the things that they observe in the world. As a result, the world things continue to influence children more in comparison to the things that take place in a local environment. As the author indicates, â€Å"Young people develop a global identity that gives them a

Article on artist Nina Valetova Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On artist Nina Valetova - Article Example cinatory effect which is conspicuous in several paintings is the result of the perfect blend of oil colors, very few artists in the whole wide world can create such a fine impact. The theme of surrealism which means something unimaginable has been very well presented in the works, this only goes to show how talented and creative the artist really is, Nina deserves to be extolled for her exceptional creativity. The works also reveal several tales but the viewers must put their heads to good use because she does not present the whole tale, most works need to be deciphered, only smart viewers would be able to do so. Her works are very enigmatic, at times the viewers feel that the works are frozen in time, the next second they feel that the same works are brimming with life, it becomes very incomprehensible for the viewers to understand the enigma surrounding the paintings. This again goes to show the ability of the artist to keep the viewers on tenterhooks. Each canvas is unique and presents new stories reveled by the artist, such uniqueness is hard to find elsewhere. The artist has put in a conscious effort to actively experiment with dimension and composition which has given an edge to her works over others, the paradoxical nature of the works has made them much more intriguing than it originally would have been. A viewer who is short of philosophical depth would not be able to comprehend the theme of the different canvases. The artist has dug deep to find irrationality of the modern society and several paintings portray the same. The unpredictability of the modern day society has also been presented in several painting. To conclude it is very fair to say that Nina is certainly unique from other artists’ she dares to experiment and think out of the box, her experimentation with different oil colors has always paid off, her experimentation with structure and dimension has also been very successful. Lastly, one needs to have philosophical depth to be able to

The Problem of the Identity of Immanuel in Isaiah Essay

The Problem of the Identity of Immanuel in Isaiah - Essay Example Other writers in their interpretations of Isaiah 7:14 have aimed to establish an association of the incident with the birth of Jesus, while, referring to the significance of almah which is a word of Hebrew origin, the meaning of which has been identified as virgin. According to Grisham, the varying assumptions regarding the identity of Immanuel in Isaiah 7:14 have extended to the belief which postulates that he is Jesus himself, while, some consider him to be the child of Isaiah and the king of Judah thus, in their construal of the Book of Isaiah interpreters have vowed to prefer either a single fulfillment or double fulfillment.For the purposes of the succeeding sections of the paper the major views on the identity of Immanuel in Isaiah 7:14 would be assessed in a comprehensive manner. Grisham observes that one of the interpretations regarding the identity of Immanuel in Isaiah 7:14 label the child to be that of Isaiah’s, in his perspective on the identity of the woman and ch ild, Walton notes that in accordance with the teachings of the gospel and that of Christian religion regarding the woman in Isaiah 7:14, much of the assertions point towards the declaration that she is Isaiah’s wife however, these postulations can be nullified on the basis of various arguments. Walton claims his translations of the scripture to be highly credible and reliable. The first argument which nullifies the identity of Immanuel as the child of Isaiah comes from the comparison of 7:14 and 8:3

Toyota Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toyota Strategic Management - Essay Example By delivering quality products to customers, the company is able to increase loyalty of the customers towards the brand and this is one of the reasons why the company has large number of satisfied customers around the world (Berger, 2011). Adoption of Innovative strategies and new technology Toyota focuses on innovations and bringing in new technologies to cater customers’ rising needs and to meet customers’ demands (Ghemawat, 2007). Company has analyzed the need of hybrid-cars in United States; therefore coming up with those cars was strategic choice as it has increased customer loyalty and increasing customer value. More focus on HR than before Toyota’s focus on human resource than before has achieved them to come up with more innovative products. Toyota believes in kaizen (continuous learning) has enabled its employees to be more productive than ever before. Toyota takes its employees as an ultimate source to value generation and long-term profit. The company analyzes how important the idea of career development is for employees and makes sure that employees do believe that they have a successful career at Toyota (Latham, Winters, and Locke, 1994). The company also invests in its human resource by providing different kinds of trainings to improve their productivity and this has allowed the company to achieve lower cost in comparison to competing firms like Honda. So Toyota’s more focus to HR has enabled it stay competitive for long-run Honda (Berger, 2011). Optimizing cost by kaizen (High quality with an affordable price, niche) Toyota’s decision to focus on the niche who demands for low priced quality cars and to cater the needs of this segment the Toyota team has come up with high quality automobiles with an affordable price (Steger, 2009). With the Kaizen strategy followed and implemented well at Toyota, the company has been able to manufacture automobiles at a lower cost than other firms including Honda (Berger, 2011). Firm’s decision to focus on CSR Toyota has decided to be more environmental friendly by fulfilling social corporate responsibilities which has allowed them to increase their brand’s image in the eyes of customers and other stake holders. This has helped them to increase their customer base and to meet all environmental obligations (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, and Armstrong, 2005). categorize these choices using Porter's four generic strategies Cost focus Toyota’s focus on training and development to increase skills and abilities of its employees has increased their productivity and reduced damages in the work environment which has allowed Toyota to be more cost-effective. This ensures the adoption of cost focus Porter’s generic strategy by Toyota. Differentiation strategy Toyota’s continuous research to bring in timely innovations to cater customer’s rising needs and desires has allowed them to create a point of difference among other automobile manufactures. This shows implementation of differentiation strategy to increase long-run profits. Market segmentation Toyota has adopted market segmentation strategy by segmenting its target market on the basis of customers’ needs and affordability. SWOT Perspective Well above discussed Porter’s generic strategies have enabled the company to convert its many weaknesses such as cost optimization to its biggest strength, well the above adopted strategies has allowed the Toyota to

Icon effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Icon effects - Essay Example Is it just a matter of gaining money from tourism, or is there more to it than that? Idea of the cultural capital in the sense of a store of valuable ideas that means something to locals and to visitors. Who buys iconic objects and why? Key concepts: souvenirs, history, memory and pride. Four cities to be chosen (initial thoughts are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Liverpool). Think about criteria for selection, and amend choice if necessary. Plan a journey to each of the four cities, in such a way as to minimise costs. Devise a small budget to pay for travel and buy icons from 4 tourist shops in each city. Idea: ask shopkeeper what item under  £5.00 people buy most, note down the answer. Repeat in 4 shops in each city (budget maximum  £80 for icons, possibly less if the item is the same in two chosen shops, since there no need to buy twice). Take digital photographs of city’s main iconic objects or locations. Gather tourist brochures on each city for case study analysis. On return from field trips, prepare a case study of each city, describing the icons and discussing how each city uses them. When all four case studies are complete, compare and discuss them drawing out similarities and differences. In the conclusion, write up what the impact of the icons has been for each

Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports - Essay Example When fans attend a sports match, they want to feel satisfied that they have got their money’s worth. The three sports that are the most spectator-friendly are wresting, basketball, and soccer. The kind of sums paid to participants in these sports makes the price of admission go up considerably. True fans, though, do not want to miss out on any action and will thus support their sport no end. Wrestling is a sport that is not for the faint of heart. As there is no ball involved, the wrestlers must use their bare hands to overcome their opponent. For fans, this can be great because they can view two fighters slugging it out in the ring. This is a sport that relies a lot upon adrenaline. The thrill that viewers get exceeds the average sporting experience. A downside to participating in this sport is that a lot of physical damage can occur to the body. Later in life, ex-wrestlers commonly have permanent physical disabilities that result in them not being able to live a normal life. Many ex-wrestlers end up going off the deep end and doing something bad. Basketball is one of the fastest sports out there. It is played so fast that there is very little time for players to celebrate after they have made a basket, simply because the opposing team is already making their way down the court. The power and skill of some basketball players makes this sport an awesome viewing experience. For spectators, prices can be expensive because of the wealth of the sport. Similar to wrestling, although not quite as much, basketball is a relatively physical sport. The sheer physical size of some of the players means that it is inevitable that physical contact will be part and parcel of the sport. Finally, soccer is often called the beautiful game because of the nice way in which it is played. Just like basketball, soccer is known as a ball sport. Most people consider the sport to be somewhat physical,

Baudrillards ideas on the film The Matrix Essay Example for Free

Baudrillards ideas on the film The Matrix Essay It has long been a condition of western culture to act for the accumulation of material objects. This is in part due to the capitalist nature of the world within which we live. Marx identifies in The Critique of Capitalism the emergence of two new classes of people, namely capitalists and labourers. The term capitalist describes any person who has personal ownership of capital, which consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence (Marx). In contrast a labourer has only the value of his labour (life activity), which he exchanges with the capitalist for a wage and as such the worker sinks to the level of commodity (Marx). Because the labourer produces for the capitalist a commodity of greater value than that of his wages and in addition those wages are paid back to the capitalist in return for subsistence, therefore social control in exerted over the working class, whilst providing the capitalist with excess commodity. The labourer consentingly becomes a slave to the system on which he depends. In addition Marx states that as the relation between capitalist and labourer (manufacturer and consumer) develops, so competition between rival capitalists becomes apparent. In effect the capitalist is forced to capture more of the market by selling goods more cheaply by the consolidation and exploitation of labour power e. g. by machinery. Such a strategy ultimately limits the demand for labour and so new industries must be developed for exploitation. These new industries are necessary because capital exists only in relation to its ability to command labour and social control and as such they reciprocally condition the existence of each other (Marx). These forced increases in demand and therefore production are evident in the contemporary world market. Important to the development of Capitalism is the use of money which abstracts labour and commodity values to a common unit for the purpose of trade. In effect the labourer discovers that the product of his activity is not the object of his activity (Marx) thus a level of abstraction occurs, which was consistent with the modernist values of the time. Karl Marx and early capitalism were mainly concerned with production which remains important but it was Situationist, Guy Debord, who gave the first insights into late capitalism and the theories that best apply to todays world economics and culture of commodities. Debord, in his book The Society of the Spectacle, bases his examination of commodities around consumption, media, information and technology. As such Debord suggests that in societies where modern conditions of production prevail, all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. By this he means to describe the world and its products as mere appearances, where the real meanings and values of commodities are translated into signs. Essentially it is a world vision that has been objectified (Debord). Debord explains the phenomenon of the spectacle as resulting from the ever increasing production of capitalism. Because competition between capitalists inevitably leads to an excess of produce, so consumer demand must be increased. Such an increase is controllable by the spectacle as the real consumer becomes a consumer of illusions, (Debord) so he can be manipulated to believe he must consume beyond the basic necessity for survival e. g. leisure products. Therefore the spectacles form and content are identically the total justification of the existing systems conditions and goals (Debord). The spectacle is mediated in society as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, (Debord). The effects of the mediated spectacle tend to lead the consumer to an experience of alienation as the consumers want for commodities is dictated to serve and maintain capitalism. In addition the spectacle constantly reinforces itself, for example the television, which is in itself a product of the spectacle that is then used by the capitalist to implement the advertisement of other spectacles. Essentially the spectacle is the nightmare of imprisoned modern society (Debord) and explains the transition from the degradation of being into having to having into appearing (Debord). Jean Baudrillard took Marxs Critique of Capitalism and Debords The Society of the Spectacle to their conclusions with his own theory of simulation and simulacra. Similar to the idea of the spectacle, Baudrillard describes a world where the subject of everything has been replaced by a semiological value that has become more important than the original, real meaning of the object. This object he calls a simulacra. In Simulacra and Simulation Baudrillard adds extra complexity to these ideas by establishing a hierarchy of simulation, which he gives four orders. In the first order the object is a copy of an original and so can be linked to a basic reality, for example a photograph of an actual event. The second order of simulation misrepresents the original subject; in the example the photography has been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to present a non-occurrence. In the third order a reality is recreated from a simulation of an original reality, when in fact, through the process of simulacra, the original has been lost, e. g. a scene is recreated from the digitally manipulated photograph of the original event. Finally, the forth order of simulation is the combined process of the first, second and third order to such an extent that the object bears no relation to reality or the original, for example the photograph has become a virtual reality. In this instance the link between reality and the signifying systems is almost impossible to ascertain, thus creating a hyper-reality. It is the use of one simulacra as a basis for the formation of another simulacra that shows the first signs of relevance to post modernity. Consequently, in post modernism, everything is understood in relation to everything that has come before, which in design manifests itself in referencing. Post modernism is also concerned with the fact that there is no right or wrong and essentially that no real truth exists. It is of course possible for a sign to make a transition through all four of the orders of simulation, constantly abstracting meaning and widening the gap between simulation and reality. However due to the complexity of repeated abstraction and signification it becomes necessary for an amount of speculation and simplification to occur when examining transitional examples. If we take, for example, the now famous emblem of automotive company Rolls Royce, it becomes apparent the extent to which a symbolic object can be re-simulated, each time loosing a part of its original meaning. Spirit of Ecstasy, designed by sculptor Charles Sykes and mass produced in 1911, is a cast metal emblem representing the figurine of a girl with arms outstretched to hold the folds of her gown blowing in the breeze. To the present day this emblem has been displayed on the bonnets of Rolls Royce cars and is the first order of simulation in terms of it being a representation of a real person from which the sculpture has been modelled. The object also references the figure heads of classic sailing ships in an attempt to convey the automotive product as an elegant, quite and reliable vehicle, which were the mediated associations with the brand during the early development of the company. In this instance the object enters the third order of simulation as a real event (model posing for sculptor) is created from an existing symbolic object (sailing boat figure heads) in order to be recreated as a new symbolic object (Spirit of Ecstasy emblem). At this point it is important to note that this example as an investigation could examine many more stages of referencing prior to the signs use as figure heads, though this could prove too difficult and inaccurate, again reinforcing the existence of a hyper-reality. The tea pot, designed by Michael Graves in 1985 for Alessi, brings the symbol to its conclusion. The tea pot employs a plastic emblem of a bird that is attached to the spout of the kettle and creates a whistling noise when the water is boiled. This creates a pun between the whistling of a kettle and the singing of bird but more importantly, its similar visual appearance (i. e. the wings of the bird and the outstretched arms and gown of the girl) makes a reference of Rolls Royce cars. Because during the late 20th century the values associated with Rolls Royce have matured to convey the brand as one of top class and status, so it are these value that are associated with Graves tea pot, supposed to the original associations that Rolls Royce was referencing from classic sailing ships. Therefore the product has clearly entered the forth order of simulation is it holds no relation to the original meaning that the original object as sign attempted to represent. Also, by referencing past signs, it can be described as a post modern object. Like Debord, Baudrillard agreed that simulation was important to the survival of capitalism as it, through mediation, can control the level of consumption within society. Baudrillard used the term valorisation to describe the process through which symbolic objects attain value. An excellent example of valorisation is Pokemon cards, which are essentially printed illustrations on card and so their use value is very low. However, via mediation, Pokemon cards have been given a simulated symbolic value that has made them desirable and powerful as a commodity. As well as design, Baudrillards theory of simulation and simulacra has also proved influential in film making, for example in The Matrix, directed by the Wachowski brothers. The Matrix is set in the future at a time when the real world has been reduced to a desert waste land by a war between humanity and machines; after the invention of artificial intelligence. Because the machines are dependant on solar power, the humans have caused the equivalent of a nuclear winter by blocking out sunlight. This has caused the machines to retaliate by imprisoning humans in gel filled pods so that energy can be extracted from them in the form of heat. In order to control the humans in this procedure a computer simulated world called the matrix exists, that all of the imprisoned humans are connected to, living their lives in what they believe is the late 20th century, oblivious to the fact that their real bodies are in stasis in the real world. The film therefore acts as a metaphor for contemporary western cultures. Firstly the matrix is an existence of the fourth order of simulation in that it is a system of mere signs that are completely detached from reality, i. e. hyper-reality. Just as in contemporary cultures, the people who live in the matrix are unaware that they are controlled by a system through simulation. You are a slave, neo, like everyone else you were born into bondage, born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch, a prison for your mind What is the matrix? Control. The matrix is a computer generated dream world built to keep us under control in order to change a human being into this (he holds up a copper battery) (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix). In addition the film suggests that the prisoners of the Matrix are also dependant upon it, to the extent that they will fight to protect it. Baudrillards idea of mediasation appears in the film when it is suggested that there was a machine spawning a whole race of machines (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix), thus the social control of the machines (mediation of signs) increasingly exert themselves with every new generation. Interestingly The Matrix seems to offer a solution to simulation and social control by the system, which is one of enlightenment. Once Neo understands the systems and can see the signs (computer code) of the matrix for what they really are, then he can choose to follow a different set of rules thus gaining control of his environment. As well as a theological basis on Baudrillard, The Matrix tends to convey the story via symbolic references and thus is post modern by nature. For example the follow the white rabbit scene employs a tattoo of a white rabbit, which is referenced from Alice in Wonderland in order to convey the uncertainty in discovering the truth of an alternate reality. In the same scene Neo also opens a copy Baudrillards Simulacra and Simulation in effect reinforcing links to that element of the film. In conclusion, I have identified the main themes surrounding Baudrillards orders of simulacra and simulation, shown how they relate to modern and post modern design and have given contemporary examples of their use in product design and film making. I believe that such an understanding of simulation has served well to better understanding referencing in post modernity. References Debord, G., (1977) The Society of the Spectacle, Black Red Poster, M., (1998) Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, Polity Press Tucker, R. C., (1978) The Marx Engels Reader Second Edition, Norton Company Bibliography Hebdige, D., (1994) Hiding in the Light, Routledge http://www.geneseo.edu/~bicket/panop/baudrillard.ht http://www.artisanitorium.thehydden.com/nonfiction/film/matrix.htm http://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/master_frame.html

Report consisting of local, regional and national teams in football Essay Example for Free

Report consisting of local, regional and national teams in football Essay My local, regional and national football team is Tranmere Rovers FC; they currently have 26 members of their first team, which is managed by Ronnie Moore. They play in the Coca-Cola Football League One, which is basically the 2nd division excluding the premiership. In 1999, the sports market was valued at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.17 billion, an increase of 4.9 per cent on the 1998 value. This means that football on its own makes nearly a quarter of the sports market now. The most successful avenue has been in the form of replica clothing and football shirts. This particular commercialisation of sports increases revenue for teams and is one of the major sources of income. A perfect example of this would be when Real Madrid bought David Beckham from Manchester United for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million plus. This was a very high transfer price but Real Madrid were very clever because they knew that they would earn millions of pounds from replica kits bought because they had Beckham playing for them. Most premiership clubs now have superstores attached to their grounds where supporters can buy merchandise. Clubs can also expand their retail business to other countries, the top teams in the world have stores in Asia where football is very popular, even more so when they have Asian players in their team. Ji Sung Park who plays for Manchester United would have made them millions of pound in revenue from fans in Asia buying replica kits. Football over the past decade has become more and more about money. Teams who earn promotion to the Premiership can expect to earn up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million through TV revenue and sponsors. The top teams who compete in continental competitions such as the Champions league can expect to earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million more. The lower leagues do not have the luxury of this amount of money but they do receive TV revenue, but this is split between the leagues and is much lower than the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million expected from premiership teams. Because Tranmere Rovers are a professional side, they can sell their replica shirts in the retail sector. These are priced at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the home kit and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the away kit and provide a considerable amount of revenue. Ticket sales are also another form of income that football clubs rely on, many of the top teams can earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 million per game dependent on the size of their ground. Main Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13 Seniors (60+) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Paddock / Johnny King Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Kop Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 In 2006 Tranmere average attendance was 7,211 in league one. Their estimated gate receipts for a home game would therefore be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½129,798. In league 1 they play 23 home games so an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,985,354 a season is made from gate receipts. For the Financial year ending 30 June 2006 the club operated at a pre-tax profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½397,662. Advertising is another important financial investment that Tranmere Rovers use to increase revenue. The advertisement that is available around the ground is as follows; Perimeter board à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 per season Half page adverts in match day programs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 per season Full page adverts in match day programs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 per season Player sponsors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 Webpage advertisement à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 per month (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,600) per year Match day sponsor à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200 for 16 guests Match ball sponsor à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½160 Tranmere can expect to make an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,760 from advertising each year through each individual offer. Sponsorship is a very important factor in the overall turnover in most professional football teams and Tranmere is no different. Tranmere rovers employ many individuals to help with the daily running of the club, organising events, finance, sponsorship, and many other duties to help with the squad. The club is run by these individuals; Chairman Lorraine Rogers Chief Executive Mick Horton Finance Director Richard Hughes Associate Director Tony Adams Associate Director Norman Wilson President Peter Johnson They employ a further 24 people that work behind the scenes at the club as well as the reserve team and youth team. Local Rugby The local rugby team I will discuss is Widnes Vikings, they currently have 29 first team players who are manages by Steve McCormack, they have 30 first team members in their squad In comparison to football, there is a lot less money involved in rugby league. But teams such as Widnes Vikings can still make money through advertising and merchandise. They compete in the National league 1 which is a division below the Super league. When they were relegated from the super league in 2005 they decided to remain a professional side rather than switch to amateur, this resulted in the club being in debt because they failed to achieve promotion to the super league. On 29 January 1999 Halton Borough Council took over responsibility for the entire Stadium, both financially and managerially. This was necessary as the joint venture companies arrangements were not performing as expected. This plunged the club into even more debt. Halton stadium can now hold 13,350; Widnes Vikings only have an average attendance of only 6,500. This is much lower than other clubs in the league and one of the main reasons could be the ticket prices. A season ticket can be up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½224.00 A normal match day ticket can be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 This is much higher than other clubs in the league and this could explain the low attendances. Merchandising is also a major part of the Vikings revenue. They sell replica kits in many sport shops, these shirts cost up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30. Another avenue for revenue is advertising and TV revenue. Sky sports 1 regularly show live Widnes Vikings games during the season. The money from TV revenue is a much needed source of income for rugby league sides. The main people who run the club and deal with the business are as follows: Chief Executive: Peter Barrow Operations Manager: Patrick Cluskey Head Coach: Steve McCormack Assistant Coach: Andy Haigh Under 21s Coach: John Stankevitch Under 18s Coach: Dave Banks Strength Conditioning: Andy Haigh Player Performance Manager: John Foran Community Manager: Martin Davidson Community Development Officer: Rob Calland Bibliography www.widnesvikings.co.uk www.tranmererovers.premiumtv.co.uk www.wikipedia.co.uk Task B There are 3 different sectors that I will look at and how the organisation of sport is dictated. Voluntary Sector The voluntary sector is the largest sector for participation for sport in Britain. Most amateur clubs, like Sunday league football clubs are run on a voluntary basis and some voluntary clubs own their own facilities, but most of the amateur clubs hire out to train in. The facilities that these clubs hire out are usually hired from the public sector and this gives the voluntary clubs the chance to play sport. The voluntary sector is also linked to the private sector because they can have sponsorship from the private sector. The voluntary sector is funded by the members of there own club, for example in a football team you have to pay a signing on fee, pay for training facilities and pay match fees which usually covers the cost of team kit and the fee for the referee. Clubs can also apply for money grants from 4 different sources, which are the national lottery, national governing bodies, government and local authorities. Public sector The public sector is split up into 2 different governments which are central government and local government and each of these have many different jobs to do for sport. Local government invests à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.1 billion a year on British sport and focuses on providing equitable access to sport and recreation facilities and different opportunities for the public. Central government in funded by taxes, VAT and it also receives money from the national lottery. Its role in sport is to develop policies, passes laws, funds sports councils, which are UK sports council and then one sports council each for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Central government also distributes lottery money which then can be divided out to many plans, such as providing grants and to local governments. Central government has a different number of departments that are responsible for sport and they are the department for culture, media and sport (UK), the Northern Ireland of education and Welsh and Scottish offices. Private sector The main aim of the private sector is to provide a service for its customers and members while at the same time making a profit for the company. Individuals invest their own money in facilities. There are only 2 reasons why the private sector provides sports facilities and they are to make a profit off sport and to make a profit on their own investment. The areas private sectors are involved in-active sport (tennis, fitness suites), spectator sports (stadiums for football) and sponsorship. The private sectors, such as football clubs may run football camps involving the public sector to set it up with them, or football clubs might invite voluntary clubs to their training facilities and show them round the stadium. Money in football has increased dramatically since the introduction of the FA Premier league in 1992. The main reason for this is the TV revenue the teams earn by their games being aired live on TV, usually on Sky sports on Setanta sports. This is illustrated by the figures shown by Deloitte, club revenues of over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.4 billion in 2005-06 while is 2007/2008 it is expected to be above à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.8 billion. With the new three year deal Sky will pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.314 billion for 92 games and Setanta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½392 million for 46 games. Foreign TV rights will produce à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½625 million in revenue whilst Internet and Mobile Phone revenue will be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 million. The top club in Premiership will receive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50m (including prize money as well as TV revenue) compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30.4 million with the current deal. The new deals will, by a significant margin, provide the Premier League with the second richest set of television contracts negotiated by any sports league in the world. This is a lot of money for a business that started out in public schools in the late 80s, and there are a lot of drawbacks for the fans because of the media and the sponsorship deals such as: Rule changing Because the game is watched by millions of fans all around the world, on certain channels that have paid millions of pounds to be able to show, they can have the influence to change the rules. In 1994 the golden goal was introduced, this meant that if the game went into extra-time, the first team to score a golden goal would therefore win the game. It was introduced to the game to stimulate offensive tactics and flair by teams and effectively reduce the number of penalty shoot-outs.

Evolution of Storage Media Technology Within the Data Centre

Evolution of Storage Media Technology Within the Data Centre AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVOLUTION OF STORAGE MEDIA TECHNOLOGY WITHIN THE DATA CENTRE TO SUPPORT THE I/O REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN APPLICATIONS. Chandan Chandapura Ramesh (x14111306) Abstract Technology has always played a tremendous role in evolution of data storage media from the very starting punch cards to the present flash drives and from kilobytes to terabytes. The evolution of storage included from the standardization of storage devices i.e from large trunks of kilobytes storage media to very small microchip having the great storage capacity of gigabytes. However, in this paper we will look into evolution of storage devices from magnetic tape, magnetic drum, DRAM, FLOPPYs , CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, , Micro drive, Multimedia Card SD card, Cloud backup solutions. Finally, in this article about evolution about storage devices, we will look into an assessment providing solutions for tiered storage solutions and its development with reference oracle, netapp tiered storage solutions and storage based on present storage trends. INRODUCTION As the time passed by, along with the time technology too has evolved in every step of life from basic needs to the advanced mode of humanity. Concurrently, the evolution in technology of computers has played a prominent role for humankind. Therefore, as the storage medium has also played a major role in computer architecture. Zetta. (2015) say as the computers evolved the storage mediums too had evolved, it all started from punch cards to present storage mediums like those that flash drives to SSD, companies have started to be relied on cloud backup solutions supported by data centers. As per the need of todays Business strategies the requirement for data storage has increased tremendously compared to past five years and to mitigate the costs over storage of data, it has been segregated and designed as structured, semi-structured and unstructured data and they have been stored. As the data is considered officially as corporate assets, there has always been attacks that are more vulnerable. Therefore, data hardening has been a big challenge but still many third party companies have been working towards its excellence. Few measures which have been considered under the improvisation level are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe), Internet protocol, Converged Network Adapter (CNA) etc. The storage network technology in the datacenters has been developed into many different configurations, which are DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), SAT (Storage area networks). In further section we will look this structures with much more details. BACKGROUND: After looking into all the prospective over the storage media briefly will have a detailed discussion over each storage model and it evolution. Magnetic tape: PCMag digital group. (2015) say it was the first few recording mediums used to record music. The data recorded was actually in sequential format. It was manufactured by a ferromagnetic material the disadvantage of these tapes was they would be contaminated if they were not rolled and packed tightly. The tracks on storage device were running parallel to each other, which is called as parallel recording. In computing magnetic tapes are used to store auxiliary type of information. An excellent example for the computer system, which used magnetic tape, was UNIVAC. It had the capacity to handle 128 characters per inch so they were widely used in computers in earlier days. Magnetic drum: Webopedia. (2015) it was direct access storage device, which was metallic cylinder, which was coated by a material called magnetic-iron-oxide. The tracks recorded on the cylindrical device were stored in channels and it was capable of holding 200 tracks were the drum used to rotate at 3000rpm. But still it had a drawback which is that they were not able to store too much of data. DRAM (dynamic random access memory): it is a medium that is been used store the memory temporarily and it is been used widely in todays computer systems. It is made up of small capacitor and transistors. Dram has many cells and each cell is equal to a Bit. The elements on Dram are organized in rows and columns. Todays computers use these cells in megabyte modules. FLOPPYs: Riaz, Rashid et al (2015) say it is portable computer storage disks were data could be handled easily. They are more fragile, low at cost. It was highly dispensable for the people working on their personnel laptops and other processors. It poses a capacity of 250kb to 1.6 mb so it varies on the size of the disk. CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, Multimedia Card, Micro drive, SD card were the next generation storage medias. CD-ROM was highly used to save and retrieve the data immensely on the systems. DAT was the digital recording table, which was actually released by the Sony in 1987. The main advantage is the data is recorded digitally rather that in analog style. But when compared to CD the performance of DAT is higher and advanced. Micro drives or so called flash drives are portable storage drives used to transfer small amount data very fast and efficiently and so on still the storage media has always been improvising till the present holographic storage formats and still going on giving out the services. Evolution of technologies in Data center storage services: Until now, we had brief discussion of different storage technologies in common IT infrastructures. SIEMON. (2015) say as the time has passed by evolution of DATA center has taken place in parallel. However, it was much more advanced as the data stored in the data center is considered as the corporate assets. so to store data securely different storage models have been introduced they are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe) , internet protocol, converged network adapter (CNA) under doff rent configurations like DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), Further, in this paper will briefly look into every step of these evolution strategies. SAN (storage area network): [6] it is a high-speed network for the storage devices, which would be connected to the servers. The main advantage of SAN is it provides great assistance in backing up the data and disaster recovery. SAN uses fiber optic cable so that the data transfer rate from one location to different location will be high. Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe): [6] it provides a great solution for the organizations possessing parallel network infrastructure issues. Fiber channel gives a high-speed data transfer protocol serially and standards for enterprise grade storage solutions, the transfer rates can be up to 10gbs. Fiber channels operate at great speeds like 4,16, 32 gb/s , but generally in IEEE 802.3ae standards the distance supported for 10GB Ethernet is 10km. so it is highly privileged in datacenters. Internet protocol:[6] it is group or singular drive which are combined together but they are not part of storage network but considered to be more over the internal storage media on personnel laptops. NAS (network-attached storage): [6] offers high-level storage solutions in file sharing services because the architecture is directly connected to LAN. However, because of these characters in NAS it synchronizes hardware storage resources into network, so it can be used to develop multiple networked services and by doing this storage utilization is very efficient. So based on the above technologies the storage solutions have been improvised but still there many technological labs still working on improvement on the performance, reliability and so on. Storage Media Solutions: In this paper will further discuss and present an assessment on tiered storage media solution on any top two companys depended on any context of the data at any particular time. We will be taking Netapp tiered storage solutions and Oracle tiered storage solutions. Tiered storage solutions: TechTarget (2005) the storage solutions are to segregation of data based on the company-defined policies to reduce the cost effectiveness of the data. The segregation may include different categories like performance, usage, security and so on. [6] Tiered storage consists few different tiers like tier 1, 2 and 3 data. Tier 1 includes highly sensitive data so data isolation is main aspect hence they are stored in expensive media solutions. Tier 2 data will consist of type two classified files so the storage media expense is reduced. In Tier 3 it consists of unclassified data the expenses are very less as the data is stored in in less expensive media. Oracle Tired Storage Solution Service: Oracle optimized solutions (2015) the main aim of oracle tiered solution is to provide highly efficient scalability and flexibility for the data. An always-new data storage trend was needed for better storage efficiency. As the data grows there was an opportunity arising for new wave lengths, Based on this aspects oracle offered optimized tiered solution to protect data as well, lower cost for storage and massive scalability. [3] providing Oracles disk and tape storage systems for better performance than many other storage media Introducing Oracle Storage tek modular tape gives a high throughput at lower cost and Oracle e Hierarchical Storage Manager provides configurable file system view and policy based management and data protection. They predicted that reduced deployment provides additional savings. Reduced data risk due to pretesting, ensured access and data integrity. They provide higher quality of the data availability and integrity. Oracle applies all the tiers for the data s torage solutions based on the client requirements. Oracle’s StorageTek T10000D offers outstanding bit error rate. it predicts that it offers 12.6 times better TCO than EMC isilonn soln. Netapp Tired Storage Solution Service: NetApp (2012) has great views towards the optimizing storage efficiency and performance. The main solution they give is, the right data at the right time at the right cost. Netapp provides a very different and unique way of solution for storing the data with an automated way of approach. The virtual tier provides a real time response to most of the demanding applications, ability to consolidate the data others tiers whenever required, conducting data cloning and SSD technologies. Basically provides reduced power -cooling storage. The developed flash technology in the [2] storage tiers of Netapp has helped in increasing the efficiency of the storage solutions. The key advantage of Netapp services provided for storage infrastructure will be the self-managing data-driven service layer. It helps mitigating the costs based on the performance for the classification of the data. The major feature to help the performance of the workloads would be the Netapp Flash Cache PCI-e-based modules. The workloads are like the file service workloads and OLTP workload etc†¦ Conclusion: In this paper, we initially discussed about the evolution of the storage media as the time it was integrated including the storage architecture. We even took a brief review about two companies’ providing storage services which are oracle tier storage solutions and netapp tier storage solutions. we actually had a view how both the companies mitigate the storage structure difficulties and provide a wide range of solutions for the clients which is a good prospective towards the development. The tiered storage solutions of each different vendors are competitive which indirectly supporting the development of the storage technologies. The tiered storage solutions describes the different levels of the storage entities set-up with different clients based on the value of the data. So we conclude telling that the development of storage solutions has to be much more improvised based on the requirement and developments. Bibliography: 1) Memory information. [Online] Available from: http://www.memoryinformation.com/dram.htm [Time accessed 2:38 am, date 4/6/2015] 2) NetApp (2012) â€Å"NetApp Virtual Storage Tier† [Online] 2012 Available from: http://www.netapp.com/us/technology/virtual-storage-tier/ [Time accessed 12:32 am, date 7/4/2015] 3) Oracle optimized solutions (2015) â€Å"Maximize Storage Efficiencies for Sharing Data Oracle Optimized Solution for Tiered Storage Infrastructure† [online] January 2015 Available from: http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/oos/tiered-storage-infrastructure/tiered-storage-infra- bus-wp- 1911879.pdf [Time accessed 12:39 am, date 7/4/2015] 4) PCMag digital group. (2015) â€Å"ENCYCLOPEDIA† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/46499/magnetic-tape [Time accessed 2.08 am, date 4/6/2015] 5) Riaz, Rashid. Floppy Disk.How Products Are Made. 1994.Encyclopedia.com.10 Apr. 2015 Available from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Floppy_Disk.aspx [Time accessed 2.48pm, date 4/6/2015] 6) SIEMON. (2015) â€Å"Data Center Storage Evolution†. [Online] 2015. Available from: http://www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/14-07-29-data-center-storage-evolution.asp [Time accessed 1:18 am, date 4/6/2015] 7) TechTarget (2005) â€Å"Tiered storage† [online] September 2005 Available from: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/tiered-storage [Time accessed 8:45pm, date 10/4/2015] 8) Webopedia. (2015) â€Å"magnetic drum† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.html [Time accessed 2.18 am, date 4/6/2015] 9) Webopedia. (2015) â€Å"SAN-storage area network† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SAN.html [Time accessed 8:27 pm, date 6/4/2015] 10) Wikipedia (2015) â€Å"Digital Audio Tape†. [Online] March 2015. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape#References [Accessed: 8:10 pm, date10/4/2015] 11) Zetta. (2015) â€Å"The History of Computer Storage†. [Online] February 2015. Available from: http://www.zetta.net/history-of-computer-storage/ [Time accessed 4/5/2015, 11:35 pm] 12) Goda, K.; Kitsuregawa, M., The History of Storage Systems,Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.100, no.Special Centennial Issue, pp.1433,1440, May 13 2012 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2189787 URL:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=6182574isnumber=6259910 13) Knowles, Mike, Survey of the storage evolution,User Group Conference, 2003. Proceedings, vol., no., pp.362,367, 9-13 June 2003 doi: 10.1109/DODUGC.2003.1253418 URL:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1253418isnumber=28042 1

The Black Jacobins Essay examples -- Essays Papers

The Black Jacobins The San Domingo revolution led to the abolition of slavery, independence of Haiti from France and the proclamation of a black republic. However, unlike many historians, CLR James in his work, The Black Jacobins, does not depict the struggle for independence as merely a slave revolt which happened to come after the French Revolution. He goes beyond providing only a recount of historical events and offers an intimate look at those who primarily precipitated the fall of French rule, namely the black slaves themselves. In doing so, James offers a perspective of black history which empowers the black people, for they are shown to actually have done something, and not merely be the subject of actions and attitudes of others. Even before the actual revolt, the slaves were not men who merely resisted; they were not passive objects. James offers graphic detail of the random and frequent beatings, killings and tortures in order to show the immense brutality of San Domingo's slavery. The severity and harshness of the slavery was due primarily to the fact that the colonists understood that "To cow [the slaves] into the necessary docility and acceptance necessitated a regime of calculated brutality and terrorism" (12) Throughout his account of San Domingos' slavery, James maintains the perseverance of the humanity of the slave population. The slaves did not succumb to their conditions by becoming inanimate objects devoid of any human qualities. Although the "majority of the slaves accommodated themselves to [the] brutality by a profound fatalism and a wooden stupidity before their masters", the slaves still maintained their intelligence and creativity. "The difficulty was that though one could trap them like animals, transport them in pens, work them alongside an ass or a horse and beat both with the same stick, stable them and starve them, they remained, despite their black skins and curly hair, quite invincibly human beings; with the intelligence and resentments of human beings" (11-12). Moreover, it "was this intelligence which refused to be crushed, these latent possibilities, that frightened the colonists, as it frightens the whites in Africa to-day" (18). Throughout The Black Jacobins, James emphasizes the struggle, the tension between the demands made by the society and the human need for expression. Although, "Many s... ...er the revolution, the mentality of the people of San Domingo was foreover changed. Slavery would never be accepted again by the inhabitants. "Any regime which tolerated such practices was doomed, for the revolution had created a new race of men" (242). This new race of men were aware of their self-importance. "There was no need to be ashamed of being a black. The revolution had awakened them, had given them the possibility of achievement, confidence and pride. That psychological weakness, that feeling of inferiority with which the imperialists poison colonial peoples everywhere, these were gone" (244). Thus, in The Black Jacobins, James does much more than retell the story of the San Domingo revolution. He shows the slave revolt to be an empowering example for all liberation movements. Thus, James hopes to stimulate the coming emancipation of Africa as well. James concludes The Black Jacobins by noting that "Imperialism vaunts its exploitation of the wealth of Africa for the benefit of civilisation. In reality, from the very nature of its system of production for profit it strangles the real wealth of the continent-the creative capacity of the African people" (377).

Historical Methodology Essays -- Racism Literature Books Papers

Historical Methodology The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between Southern and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American society from discrimination to Civil Rights. Woodward’s argument is very persuasive because he uses specific evidence to support his opinions and to connect his ideas. Considering the time period in which the book and its editions were written, it should be praised for its insight into and analysis of the most i mportant social issue in American history. From the beginning of the book, Woodward argues that prior to Jim Crow, segregation in the Southern states was not as strong as many assume. To support this claim he cites Slavery in the Cities, where author Richard C. Wade provides evidence for segregation while at the same time states that, â€Å"‘In every city in Dixie†¦blacks and whites lived side by side, sharing the same premises if not equal facilities and living constantly in each other’s presence.’†[1] In the rural areas during slavery, African Americans and whites also had a large amount of social interaction, because, as Woodward explains, â€Å"control was best maintained by a large degree of physical contact and association.†[2] .. ...better in the 1950’s. [22] Given the historical context in which the book was written, its popular reception, its persuasiveness, and the realities of the history of race relations which it exposes, the book’s significance cannot be denied. [1] C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. (Oxford University Press: New York, 1955), 14. [2] Woodward, 22. [3] Woodward, 19. [4] Woodward, 21. [5] Woodward, 37. [6] Woodward, 53-54. [7] Woodward, 54. [8] Woodward, 65. [9] Woodward, 69. [10] Woodward, 71. [11] Woodward, 72-73. [12] Woodward, 130-132. [13] Woodward, 81. [14] Woodward, 98. [15] Woodward, 115. [16] Woodward, 118. [17] Woodward, 119. [18] Woodward, 128. [19] Woodward, 174. [20] William S. McFeely, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, Afterword, 224 [21] McFeely, 227. [22] McFeely, 224.

Describe how health and safety is implemented in your setting

The policy states that they as a school they do not administer medication to children as most medicines are 3 times a day and it possible administer this without the schools help. However if it is required then parents/carers must complete a permission slip for this to happen. All medication is kept in the school office. Treatments for something life threatening such anaphylactic shock, parent must have completed a consent form to allow a named and trained member of staff to administer should it be necessary. There is a school medical register and a copy of this is in all classrooms.Accident reportingThe policy defines that all accidents must be reported to the headteacher and also to the health ans safety co-ordinator. Any accident must also be written in the accident book which is in line with a council policy. It states that the accident must report the following detail name and address of injured person time, date and place the accident occurred what happened what injury it was t reatment given any witness information and finally any other information that is relevant If the child involved has had a bump to the head, a letter is sent home that day and the child would have a red dot sticker on their collar to alert the parent/carer.Chemical safety The most hazardous chemicals found in school are used by the caretaker. These are kept in a locked cupboard and only a small quantity is kept in school. They must always be in the original bottle and never in food or drinks containers. Chemical data sheets for such substances are kept in the office and offer advice on protection needed for using each chemical and the procedure for accidents with chemicals or in case of fire. Conduct and behaviour around school Children are made fully aware of how they should behave in and around the school through the use of school and also classroom rules.Any behaviour that is unacceptable is dealt with according to the school behaviour policy. Children are required to walk within the school, open doors carefully, line up inside the classroom quietly to await further instructions and ensure that their belongings are stored safely on their peg to avoid trip hazards. During playtime, the children are expected to be aware of people and their surroundings, know that they are not allowed to climb on walls/fences, play in areas that are not play areas for example the toilets and not to lift each other up, even during a game. Electrical safetyElectricity is one of the most dangerous things within the school and most people know how dangerous it is. The following points are the main part of the policy and are adhered to all times all portable appliances are electrical tested staff must visually check equipment before use and any faults at any time must be reported to the headteacher and site manager no one in school is permitted to work on electrical items there must be no trailing cables and if using 4 way gang adapters they should be secured by the wall so not to c reate a trip hazard all fixed electrical items are to be tested every 5 yearsFire safety The first action required in the policy is, if you discover a fire to sound the alarm at once. It states that if you are free to do so, use the appropriate fire extinguisher to tackle the fire however you must not take a personal risk. If the continuous sound of the fire alarm is heard teachers and children are well practised at following the procedure which is practised at least once a term. During the fire drill the headteacher will record the time it takes and it is in the policy that St Luke’s ensure that a complete evacuation is done within 2 minutes.The class teachers remain responsible for getting the children to the assembly point, whilst the teaching assistants check all areas of the school and the office is responsible for calling the fire brigade should it be necessary. Each classroom has a fire exit which is to be kept clear at all times, fire exit sign, the blue fire notices, and exit route map must be next to the door for all persons to read. The site manager has responsibility to carry out regular fire inspections and take any action needed. The school has an electrical fire system which is regularly checked by an approved contractor.First aidThe school aims to have at least 4 members of staff who have all attended a 3 day first aid course and where possible to have all other members of staff attend a 1 day training. First aid should be carried out when necessary by a qualified first aider but it should not prevent someone helping if the situation requires. A list of first aiders is situated around the school in places such as first aid room and staff room. It states that all members of staff including supply need to know who the first aiders are. There are first aid kits within school and they are kept up to date by the nominated first aiders.The school also has portable first aid kits for trips and visits away from the school grounds. The policy sat es that if a serious incident occurs such as unconsciousness, severe allergic reaction, suspected fractures etc. , 999 must be called along with the parents immediately. Food safety It is stated in the policy that before any food handling by the children can happen that written permission must be given from the parent/carer. The school has a no nut policy. When doing a food activity, the school highlights that the children need to be taught basic safe food handling and procedures.The children are encouraged to do the following wash their hands, tie back their hair and remove watches etc. to remember not to touch their faces while working with food wear aprons wash hands at the end of the activity work in small closely supervised groups Food hygiene standards must be followed to ensure that food is stored correctly and that the guidelines within the policy are followed. Helpers in classrooms The school welcomes parent helpers to help with all aspects of school like and to assist the teacher where necessary.They must be willing to pass on their details so that security checks can be carried out to maintain the safety and security if the children within the school. At each time on visiting the building they must sign in and out and wear the correct badge that is always visible. Any helper must ensure that they report to the class teacher anything they deem to be inappropriate or unsafe. PE Safety Children are required to dress appropriately according to the dress code specified for indoor and outdoor PE.The children are also expected to abide by the rules, some of these are as follows no running unless instructed to do so  children must participate in the warm up and cool down session children are able to use the apparatus under close supervision mats are to be carried by 4 children the children will learn the clear STOP procedure and obey when told by the teacher, this consist of STOP said by the teacher with a hand signal and then all children will sit on the floor. The policy also sates that teachers will dress appropriately for sport and wear sensible;e footwear when teaching PE. Playtimes According to the policy, there will always be 1 teacher and 1 teaching assistant on duty for playtime.They are to ensure they stand so that they have the best view of all of the playground so that the children are monitored carefully. Any accidents that happen will be dealt with by a first aider. Risk assessment The risk assessment record is held in the school office. They are carried out by the headteacher, health and safety co-ordinator and the group organiser of an off site activity. The risk assessment outlines any potential hazards, who could be affected and how, and also the measures needed to take place in order the make the activity as safe as possible.Road safety The school aims to develop and promote road safety to its pupils. Children are encourage d to use the school crossing patrol and other pedestrian crossing available. The children a t school are never allowed to leave school on their own unless written consent from the parent has been received. All children must be collected from school at the end of the day by a responsible adult or a nominated older sibling. Children are advised about the dangers of not wearing a seatbelt in the car and are asked to remind others to do so.Technology safetyThe policy states that a safe and controlled environment must be available for children to use the internet and computers safely. It is the staff responsibility to ensure that children are taught to use the equipment correctly and carefully supervised throughout. This policy also refers to children using equipment relating to design technology and the tools that they may be required to use for a specific project. Again all tools mus be stored safely, the children must receive precise instructions on how to use the equipment provided and be closely monitored throughout.Learning valuesAt St Luke’s school the children le arn through out the school day using the following learning values:1. Faith in me. 2. Spirituality 3. Interdependence 4. Creativity 5. ThinkingThe school states that this policy is designed to enable the school to run efficiently and be able to assist the pupils learn effectively.

Personal Finance Essay

Without financial knowledge, a budget and/or a financial plan in place you can have an income of 100,000 thousand dollars a year and still be living paycheck to paycheck and eventually end up in financial ruin. If a budget is not in place it is very likely to spend more money than you are making. By accounting for all income you receive and spend you are able see you’re spending habits. To assess whether you’re spending habits are good or bad, need to be improved or adjusted. For instance my family loves to eat out. If I noticed that my family spends $400 dollars a month on fast food/eating out then I need to decide what’s essential to my household and what’s not; if spending that amount on fast food is not essential then I need to make a conscience effort to eat at home more and decide on an acceptable amount and give my family a fast food budget, a certain amount for fast food monthly. I can also add that additional money not spent on eating out to our savings account or add it to a 401k, IRA, or even pay extra on our credit cards. By making good personal finance choices money can be saved monthly to add to retirement income. Personal finance choices affect your life now but most importantly they will affect how comfortable you are able to retire. To design a budget for earnings, spending, saving and investing a financial plan is a necessity. To create a financial plan for earnings, spending, saving and investing you must first understand these things separately, how they all work together and affect each other and that they are a necessity to laying a solid foundation for your family’s future. First, a detailed budget is needed for a clear picture to see how much money you have, what you spend your money on, how much you’re spending and the amount left over. A budget allows you to make sure your money is going where it should. After a budget is created and you’ve cut back on the little things that aren’t essential and you’ve focused on getting out of debt by not borrowing more than you can afford to pay back and paying more than just the minimum on credit payments then it’s time to focus on a plan for saving and investing. It is important to take advantage of tax – advantaged accounts like employer 401k plans, individual retirement accounts and special retirement accounts for the self employed. These accounts give way for credits, tax deductions and tax free earning on retirement savings. Insurance is also an important part of this process to protect your life, your capability to earn income and the roof over your head.

Argyle & Tuckman’s Theories of Communication

This assignment will discuss two well known theories of effective communication. Firstly it will look at Michael Argyle (1972), the cycle of communication and then it will discuss Bruce Tuckman (1965) stages of communication. Michael Argyle (1972) looks at the cycle of communication which involves six stages this is about sending receiving and the decoding of messages between individual and also groups. 1.An ideas occurs – when one has thought of an idea that they want to express with another person/s2.Message coded – when the idea has been thought through, there is a thought process of how this idea is going to then be communicated. There is a thought as to how this message is going to express it, as it could be through language, writing, sign or symbols or whatever it may be.3.Message sent – articulate the message, may it be verbal, written, sign or use what would be most appropriate in order to communicate effectively.4.Message received – when the messa ge has been heard or seen, depending on how the message was sent in the first place.5.Message decoded – this is where the person who had received the message is starting to make sense of the message. As one tries to decode the message is received is at this point where they can miss interpret the message.6.Message understood – providing that all goes well the initial idea is then understood but sometimes this doesn’t always happen. Once there is understanding thenBruce Tuckman’s (1965), stages of communication looks at how a group of people have to develop their behaviour in order to become an effective group, all to reach a common goal. His sequential theory has four stages of communication. 1.Forming – has been considered to be the introduction stage, where it is not clear to the group what their purpose is. At the same time they put one another under scrutiny as they are not too familiar with each other, so there in not much in the way of trust either. So as a result of this some may not be happy with the idea. Some may be feeling frustrated where as others may just have some issues about working with  particular people. There could be a lack of values and some prejudices may possibly be expressed initially to some members of the group.2.Storming – when putting certain characters together that usually don’t work with one another, it at this stage where the competition is rife as there is a power struggle within the group as some may try to change the team’s mission. This could result in arguments about how the group is going work and what roles each member will be having. Eventually the team itself could splint. As a result of putting different people together, the group begins to form relationships with each other and can sometimes for smaller group. This causes the lack of motivation, anxiety and frustration resulting in the groups failure to complete the mission.3.Norming – during this stag e the trust and respect is developing amongst the members of the group, since it becomes clear that each member has a role and they are aware of what their role will be. As a result of them coming together with a common goal they all have a shared expectation of each other, which is known as norm. They have fully established norm, a set of common beliefs and values. Individuals become more motivated and commitment is demonstrated with each member of the group, whilst the team is being creative. The group now have a fully defined purpose and so success begins to flow within the group.4.Performing – the group now demonstrates that actually they are able to perform the task effectively as members feel comfortable, at ease and have a sense of belonging to the group as a whole. There is a high sense of morale as the group experience high levels of trust, pride and support from each other and so now this group begin to feel that their performance has been of better-quality.More oft en than not I believe that the patterns of behaviour do actually arise in some individuals. There are those that are more extreme than others, whereas some are less extreme but none the less this does not suggest that people cannot work well together. According to Tuckman’s theory these stages can be very effective in breaking down the barriers of  communication within a group of individuals that have a common goal. With Argyle’s theory it is agreed that this very process does actually taken place when communication but at the same time it could easily breakdown when the message has been misunderstood of misheard.

Ernest Hemingway on Huckleberry Finn Essay

In 1935, Ernest Hemingway stated â€Å"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn† and he was exactly right. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is more than just an iconic American novel. It is the single-handedly the book that defines all American novels to come. The very plot of this americana novel is filled with the idea of the american spirit and american dream. Mark Twain does spectacular job of representing the notion of the American spirit by using a young boy named Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn is an adventurous young boy who molds his own future by getting away from a lifestyle that did not suit him. The American dream right? The belief that you as have the ability to shape your destiny, if you don’t like where you’re at and what you are doing then go and change it. No one is stopping you. This novel also shows the diversity that makes up America and that people from all over are accepted and are allowed to reach for their goals just as much as any other man. Jim, an African-American runaway slave, is a key character, and the hero in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Jim dreams of becoming free and buying his family out of slavery. Jim, like Huck, decides to take fate into his own hands and try and create a better life for him and his family. That is why Ernest Hemingway said all American literature comes from this book. It completely represents that the people of America are a different breed than any other. And this story of leaving a situation that does not suit you and individually forming your own destiny is a story that is told over and over in American novels. Stories like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn show traits that we value such as determination, tenacity, and a sort of rebellion from the formal way of doing things.

A Tea Party At Two

While an afternoon tea break was a normal occurrence for ladies in Victorian England, it is a rare treat for me and my friends. Last summer, my friend, Hilary, who lives in an old Victorian house, complete with a parlor and an old-fashioned bathtub, invited me to a tea party at her home. It was delightful. I felt like I had stepped into a scene from a Jane Austen novel. My friends and I planned the party for a month. I found the perfect outfit. Yes, it was a modern dress that I purchased at the mall, but it would probably fit right into the Victorian era. Normally, I eschew materialism; I believe that beauty comes from within. However, my guilty pleasure is nineteenth-century British apparel. While I love movies like â€Å"Becoming Jane† and â€Å"Bright Star† for their poignant depiction of the great literary figures Austen and Keats, I find myself absorbed during these films in the details of the dresses, because they were simply gorgeous. Jealousy grips me; I want to wear those gowns too! This tea party was my chance. When I arrived, I was greeted by friends who had come early to set it up. They had laid out Hilarys best china, and placed a vase of flowers on the dining room table. There were cucumber and cream cheese sandwiches, scones, cupcakes, all kinds of cookies, and, of course, English tea. I handed Hilary the ginger snaps I had baked, and we all sat down for tea. We had a great discussion; because it was the middle of summer, many of my friends had just returned from trips, or were about to embark on them. Our conversation was intertwined with literary references to Modernism and Romanticism, since my friends and I had all grown close during our Honors English class. We share a love of literature, and even when we talk about silly, trivial things, we tend to refer to characters in our favorite (or least favorite) books. I remember saying that I felt like Edna Pontellier from The Awakening at that moment, because she was a nineteenth-century housewife. Of course, at some point the conversation turned to college and our futures, as it did fairly often. But when the topic came up, we groaned and changed the subject. That day, we didnt need to consider the future. We were having fun pretending we lived in the past, but more importantly we were experiencing the present. I was a part of a group of people who cared about each other. We laughed together, we listened to each other, and we supported one another. For a moment, having my friends around me was all I needed. This essay was meant to be read aloud in the Queens English.

Philosophical meanings behind 4 films Assignment - 1

Philosophical meanings behind 4 films - Assignment Example Like the title implies, Surrogates has meaning attached to it that is of interesting moral consequence. As we see in Laches, Plato explores the various depth perceptions of morality. Plato’s Republic, books 2, 3, and 4, are reflected in the questions that are faced by the main character in the movie Garden State, where Zach Braff is playing a character named Andrew Largeman, or â€Å"Large,† as he is called by his friends. Basically, Plato sets up the stage for the later chapter of the Republic wherein he will discuss virtue more in-depth. In the beginning, however, Plato, like Large, is considering pondering the great questions of life. Largeman questions whether he really needs medication, while Plato philosophizes about what consists of the good, the truthful, and the beautiful. Plato’s seventh book of the Republic more adequately reflects what is meant by virtuousness, or basically what is good and moral. Large in Garden State reflects the ideas that morals are a part of family values as he tries to build a future with Sam, the female lead in Garden State whom Andrew meets at a doctor’s office. He is there as a patient and so is she. They navigate the treacherous waters of being boyfriend and girlfriend while not yet being exclusively so, and basically they become an â€Å"item† together (a couple) throughout the course of the movie. Plato was someone who was interested in communication and this movie Garden State demonstrates the importance of communication and family in everyday life, as that is part of what constituted virtuousness was doing good things. Nicomachean Ethics are present in the movie The Social Network, as basically we see how ethics pervades (or, perhaps, is â€Å"lost†) in this movie. Friends betray friends over the emerging company of Facebook, which causes a lot of difficulty for everyone involved in the nascent stages of one of the world’s largest social networking

Economic history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic history - Essay Example The growth of the United States economy in the period from 1790 to 1860 can be seen in terms of an expansion and a growing complexity (Suranovic, 1997). The local market relations that existed before canals and railroads were personally run on trade and a mixture of cash and barter. With the growth of the South’s cotton industry in the period after 1815, the country branched out and developed an interregional trade system that was structured around a growing number of banks and currency (Whitman, F.K., 2000, p. 535). Between 1807 and 1815, U.S. foreign trade was severely disrupted by Jefferson’s trade embargo, subsequent non-importation measures, and the War of 1812. These disruptions are commonly believed to have spurred early U.S. industrialization (Zuckerman, 2006). Because of the aforementioned disruptions, especially the embargo, domestic industry was encouraged and emerging local industries were protected from import competition by preventing foreign manufactured goods from reaching the U.S. market (Davis, J.H., 2003, p. 228). Due to the resulting trend of interregional trade, new manufacturing firms were established and existing domestic producers rapidly expanded output to replace previously imported goods (Zuckerman, 2006). Interregional trading also led to the American economy becoming industrialized, first in the Northeast, in order for inter-region commerce to become more convenient (Herbst, 1997). New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened. The steamboat made river traffic faster and cheaper, but development of railroads had an even greater effect, opening up vast stretches of new territory for development. Furthermore, the United States became an economic power with the dramatic expansion of domestic markets, as the set of regional

The impact of terrorism on tourism Dissertation

The impact of terrorism on tourism - Dissertation Example However, of late the terrorism activities have gained further dominance owing to its growing linkage to the tourism industry. Wilks, Pendergast and Leggat (2006) states in this regard that it is hard to uncover the reasons which have led to the growth of terrorism and its growing linkage to tourism activities. The tourism industry has become the target point for terrorism activities in the international scale owing to the slag of security and alertness. Tourists on tour tend to be remain undeterred about the surrounding environment being lost in the fun of holidaying which becomes the target point of terrorist to easily lay their grounds upon. Wilks, Pendergast and Leggat (2006) further observe that the rate of infiltration of terrorist in tourism centers has also another potential reason other than the lack of alertness of the tourists. The functions of tourism mainly occur along the principal trade routes of any region. Thus the terrorists feel that attack on such trade and economi c routes would help in disrupting the economic activities of the region. Thus terrorist attacks on tourism helps in jeopardizing the trade and economic operations of a region making it poor. ... The linkage of terrorism operations with tourism industries can also be observed to be a potential factor that enables the terrorist outfits to gain considerable publicity. Tourist centers being largely linked with market places helps the terrorist gain wide amount of publicity having conducted a large massacre of human lives and property. It helps them reach their demands to the eyes and ears of the higher authorities. Finally, Wilks, Pendergast and Leggat (2006) state that the nature of the functions of tourism industry being so diversified and spread across international borders that it becomes difficult to trace the movement of terrorists inside hotels and tourist areas. People from various nationalities clad in different type of outfits tend to regularly visit international tourist hotspots which being not closely monitored encourages militancy actions. (Wilks, Pendergast and Leggat, 2006, pp.82, 85-86). Types of Terrorist Activities across Tourism Centers The event of terrorism linked with tourism activities in order to succeed in their goals of spreading terror and panic in the regions takes to different forms of terrorist operations. In this regard, Henderson (2007) observes that terrorist outfits generally carry out a host of terrorist activities, which aims to take many lives in order to succeed in their mission of spreading terror. Different terrorist operations are planed out by the terrorist groups, which can take place individually or in particular assortments. The different activities, which are planned by the terrorist groups, include employment of suicide bombers to counter insurgency operations. The terrorist